The Impact of the Characteristics of the Executive and Legislative Authorities on the Management of the National Economy and the Guarantee of Citizens' Economic Rights

Abstract

This research examines the impact of the characteristics of the executive and legislative authorities on the management of the national economy and the guarantee of citizens' economic rights. It does so by analyzing the nature of the constitutional and legal competences exercised by each authority in the field of formulating, implementing and supervising economic policy. The research proceeds from the hypothesis that the effectiveness of economic protection is not achieved merely by providing for rights in the constitution; rather, it depends on a balanced distribution of competences among a government that possesses the instruments of planning and implementation, a parliament that holds the powers of legislation, accountability and budget approval, and constitutional and administrative courts that intervene when either authority exceeds the limits of its competence or when the administration refrains from performing a duty necessary for the protection of rights. The research concludes that the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 and the Egyptian Constitution of 2014 set out a general framework for the protection of economic and social rights. However, this framework does not produce its practical effect except through a transparent public budget, effective labor and social-security legislation, genuine parliamentary oversight, and judicial review that prevents the budget law or economic administration from becoming a field for exceeding rights or competences. The research has been reorganized into two main sections: the first addresses the role of the executive authority in managing the economy and guaranteeing economic welfare, while the second addresses the role of the legislative authority in regulation and oversight, with legal texts and judicial decisions distributed within the branches according to their substantive context.