Synergistic Effects of Mineral and Bio-Potassium Fertilization on Yield, Fruit Quality, and Potassium Use Efficiency in Baladi Orange

Abstract

The experiment evaluated the effects of mineral potassium and bio-potassium fertilizers on 20-year-old Baladi orange trees over two growing seasons in Ismailia. Using a randomized complete block design, various treatments were tested, including a control and bio-fertilizer (Potassiomag), along with different potassium sulfate and feldspar levels. Key measures included potassium content, fruit yield, quality, and vitamin C levels. Results showed significant improvements in yield and quality with bio-mineral combinations, particularly the 100 units treatment, which consistently outperformed others. Principal component analysis indicated that treatment variability was primarily linked to productivity and nutrient efficiency. The study concluded that mineral supply is crucial for crop production, with bio-fertilization enhancing, rather than replacing, mineral inputs. The most effective treatment combined optimal minerals with bio-fertilizer, achieving superior fruit quality and potassium accumulation. Treatments were clustered into high, intermediate, and low performers, with high yields associated with balanced nutrient management. A strategy integrating full mineral supply with bio-inputs is recommended for optimal productivity in orange cultivation