Challenges of Water-Energy Nexus in BRICS Nations: A Qualitative Approach

Abstract

The water–energy nexus represents a critical interface in global sustainability discourse, reflecting the interdependence between water resources and energy systems. This study examines the structural linkages between water and energy, emphasizing the increasing pressures arising from population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Using a qualitative analytical approach based on secondary data from recent peer-reviewed literature, the paper evaluates sectoral interdependencies, regional disparities, and governance challenges. The findings reveal that energy production remains highly water-intensive, while water supply systems are increasingly energy-dependent, creating a feedback loop of resource stress. The study identifies significant policy fragmentation and institutional gaps, particularly in developing regions. It argues for integrated governance frameworks, technological innovation, and nexus-based policy design to enhance sustainability and resource efficiency.